Joanne E. Gray is a lecturer in Digital Cultures at the University of Sydney, Australia, Chief Investigator at the International Digital Policy Observatory, and an editor of the journal Policy & Internet. She is an interdisciplinary academic working at the intersection of political economy, law, and media and communications. Her monograph, Google Rules (2020), explains how a convergence of legal, political and ideological conditions facilitated Google’s essentially unfettered rise to power in the digital environment. She has also led studies investigating critical platform policy and governance issues on Facebook, YouTube and TikTok.